# pgvector embedding feasibility spike — design

**Date:** 2026-06-27
**Milestone dependency:** unblocks **M1.5** (visual similarity). See `docs/ROADMAP.md`.
**Status:** design

## Why this exists

The roadmap narrative claims M1 "runs a read-only feasibility spike" and that M1.5's
dependency is "verified in M1." It is not: the M1 plan explicitly deferred the spike
(`docs/superpowers/plans/2026-06-27-immich-photo-flow-m1.md:3710` — *"pgvector spike →
out of this plan by decision (tracked separately; M1.5 dependency)"*). So M1.5 is blocked
on a prerequisite that never ran. This spec defines that prerequisite.

M1.5 wants to cluster photos by visual similarity using the CLIP embeddings Immich already
computes — the rescue signal for the GPS-poor old library where timestamp/GPS are weakest.
The working assumption is that Immich's REST API does not cleanly expose raw embedding
vectors, so the viable path is **read-only access to Immich's Postgres pgvector embeddings**.
That assumption is load-bearing — it must be *tested*, not asserted (see Requirement 0). Before
M1.5 can build clustering on that path, this spike must prove the path exists and pin its shape.

## Scope

**Feasibility only.** Read-only. Throwaway probe. The spike:

- does **not** build clustering, a tested module, or any `shared/` reader;
- does **not** write to Immich or its database (only `SELECT`);
- exists to turn unknowns into **pinned facts** and hand M1.5 a verified contract.

## Requirements (pass/fail)

The spike succeeds when it answers all of the following against the **live** database and
records the answers in the findings doc. Phrased as plain questions:

0. **Does M1.5 actually need raw vectors (vs. a REST similarity query)?** Before relying on
   DB access, state what M1.5's clustering needs — raw embedding vectors or a pairwise
   similarity-neighbor query — and record which Immich REST endpoints were checked (e.g.
   `/api/search/smart`, any asset-similarity/duplicate endpoint) and *why each is
   insufficient*. This turns the load-bearing "REST can't expose embeddings" premise into a
   documented finding; if a REST path suffices, the DB-access path below is unnecessary.
1. **Can we read the CLIP embeddings at all?** Connect read-only over the LAN and read the
   embedding vectors Immich stores. *This de-risks **access** only: if the embeddings are not
   readable, M1.5 needs a different plan. It does **not** prove the signal is useful (see the
   signal-usefulness note below).*
2. **Can we join each embedding back to a photo we already track?** Confirm **inside
   Postgres** that each embedding row's key references `assets.id` — the join that must hold
   for the vectors to be usable. That asset ID is the same key our SQLite store uses, so a
   cross-check against SQLite (`shared/photoflow/core`) is *optional* confirmation and must
   degrade gracefully when the store is unpopulated (a fresh checkout has no `ingest` run),
   rather than failing this requirement for the wrong reason.
3. **What are the exact shapes?** Record the table name, embedding column, **vector
   dimension**, and the correct pgvector **distance operator** for similarity. These are
   **model- and version-dependent** (and have drifted across Immich versions), so they must be
   read from *this* DB, not assumed — and the recorded shape is valid only for the model +
   Immich version observed (see Requirement 4 / Risks).
4. **What is the coverage?** What fraction of the **embeddable** library currently has an
   embedding. Compute against the image/embeddable population, not all assets —
   `count(distinct embedding.assetId) / count(assets WHERE type = 'IMAGE')` (or Immich's
   equivalent asset-type filter) — since videos and other non-image rows CLIP never embeds
   would otherwise deflate the ratio. Record both the raw and image-only ratios. *Tells M1.5
   how much it can lean on the signal — but the user is re-running CLIP with a stronger model,
   so coverage (and the dimension in Requirement 3) is a snapshot of whichever model is live
   when the probe runs.*

**Signal-usefulness is M1.5's first task, not this spike's.** Passing Requirements 1–4 proves
the embeddings are reachable and well-shaped; it does **not** prove visual similarity actually
rescues trip detection in the GPS-poor library. Before building clustering, M1.5 must validate
the signal (e.g. eyeball nearest-neighbour quality on a sample of the GPS-poor set).

## What we already know (to verify, not assume)

Immich historically stores CLIP vectors in a **`smart_search`** table with an **`embedding`**
column of pgvector type `vector`, keyed by `assetId` referencing `assets.id`; similarity uses
**cosine** distance (`<=>`); the legacy default model (`ViT-B-32`) produced **512-dim**
vectors. Names and dimension have changed across versions and the user's re-run uses a
stronger model, so the probe **discovers** these rather than trusting them — the list above is
only the set of candidates to probe first.

This is Immich's **undocumented, internal** schema with no deprecation contract: it can be
renamed or restructured on any Immich upgrade. The probe therefore records the exact Immich
version observed alongside the shape, and M1.5 must budget a re-probe / version-guard on every
Immich upgrade — the "contract" the findings doc hands M1.5 is version-pinned, not durable.

## Approach

Disposable read-only probe + two durable artifacts (chosen over a throwaway-only or a
build-the-module-now approach: feasibility-only honors the roadmap, but capturing the DSN and
a written contract is the cheap part that saves M1.5 from guessing).

### Connection

- New optional env var **`IMMICH_DB_URL`** (a Postgres DSN), added to `.env.example` and
  loaded by `config.py` as an **optional** field (REST creds stay required; the DSN is only
  needed for the spike / M1.5). `config.py` reads only `os.environ`, and the repo loads `.env`
  solely via docker-compose's `env_file`, so a standalone host-run probe must populate the
  environment itself — either run it via `docker compose run` (so `env_file` applies) or load
  `.env` explicitly first (e.g. `set -a; source .env; set +a`). If run in-container, confirm
  container-to-Immich-Postgres network reachability.
- Read-only must be **enforced at the DB/session layer**, not just by which statements the
  script issues: open the session read-only (`SET default_transaction_read_only = on` /
  `SET TRANSACTION READ ONLY`) or connect via a role granted only `SELECT`. The simplest
  credentials that work are Immich's existing Postgres user, but that user is write/DDL-capable
  against the **source-of-truth** DB, so the session-level guard is required to remove write
  capability while the spike runs. A dedicated least-privilege read-only role remains
  recommended hardening for M1.5.
- Driver: `psycopg` (psycopg3), plus the **`pgvector`** Python package. psycopg3 returns a
  `vector` column as a *string* unless the adapter is registered, so call
  `pgvector.psycopg.register_vector(conn)` after connect — or read the dimension server-side
  (`SELECT vector_dims(embedding) …` / catalog `atttypmod`) and run the `<=>` check in SQL,
  which needs no adapter. Add these to the spike's dependencies; M1.5 will formalize them.

### The probe

A single disposable script, **`scripts/pgvector_spike.py`**, that is idempotent and
read-only. It:

1. connects using `IMMICH_DB_URL`;
2. discovers candidate embedding tables/columns from the catalog (probe `smart_search` /
   `embedding` first, then fall back to scanning `information_schema` for `vector`-typed
   columns) — so it survives version drift;
3. reads one embedding and reports its **dimension** — via the registered `pgvector` adapter
   or server-side `vector_dims(embedding)`, **not** the length of a raw string — and a sample
   of the **distance operator** working (e.g. a `... ORDER BY embedding <=> embedding LIMIT 5`
   self-similarity sanity check, casting literals to `::vector` as needed);
4. verifies the **asset-ID join inside Postgres**: the embedding row's key references
   `assets.id`. As *optional* confirmation it also checks whether that ID is one we store in
   SQLite (`shared/photoflow/core`), degrading gracefully (not failing the check) when the
   store is unpopulated;
5. computes **coverage** against the embeddable population:
   `count(distinct embedding.assetId) / count(assets WHERE type = 'IMAGE')` (or Immich's
   equivalent asset-type filter), recording **both** the raw and image-only ratios;
6. prints a human-readable report **and** writes/refreshes the findings doc.

It hardcodes nothing destructive, takes no write path, and is safe to re-run.

## Deliverables

1. `scripts/pgvector_spike.py` — disposable read-only probe (removed or left as a documented
   one-off after M1.5 internalizes its findings).
2. `IMMICH_DB_URL` in `.env.example`; optional `immich_db_url` field in `config.py`. Spike
   dependencies added: `psycopg` (psycopg3) and the `pgvector` Python package.
3. **`docs/superpowers/specs/2026-06-27-pgvector-embedding-findings.md`** — the one-page
   schema that becomes M1.5's contract: table, embedding column, vector dimension, distance
   operator, the embedding → `assetId` → SQLite `asset` join, coverage % (raw and image-only),
   the model **and** Immich version observed, and the (optional) read-only-role recipe. The doc
   must state that this is Immich's **unsupported internal schema**, valid only for the recorded
   model + version, and that M1.5 re-probes / version-guards on every Immich upgrade.
4. Roadmap correction: fix **both** false claims named in "Why this exists" — the narrative
   that M1 "runs a read-only feasibility spike" (→ "spike defined/pending per this spec") **and**
   M1.5's status note "verified in M1" (→ "dependency spike pending/this spec").

## Out of scope (explicitly M1.5)

CLIP clustering; a tested `shared/photoflow/immich/db.py` reader; nearest-neighbor queries at
scale; any use of the embeddings beyond the feasibility checks above.

## Risks

- **Embeddings unreadable / not joinable** → M1.5 blocked; spike's whole point is to surface
  this early and cheaply.
- **Schema differs from the known shape** → expected and handled by catalog discovery, not
  hardcoded names.
- **Coverage near zero** (re-run unfinished) → not a spike failure; recorded as a fact so M1.5
  can sequence around it.